... services increases, the costs per unit become lower. High barriers to entry: Natural monopolies often require huge investments in infrastructure and long payback periods, which creates obstacles for the emergence of new players. For example, building gas pipelines or railway lines requires huge investments that only large companies or the state can afford. Social importance: Natural monopolies often provide important services for society, such as electricity, water, gas or transport. Therefore, the state ...

... Europe This Winter: Causes and Measures to Ensure Energy Security Energy security has always been a priority for the European Union, particularly in the winter months. However, given the complexities of the global energy markets and reduced Russian pipeline gas supplies, the EU may face serious challenges this winter. This article explores the causes of these risks, the current status of alternative supplies, and the measures that EU countries are taking to stabilize the situation. Primary Causes ...

... partnership between the Russian gas giant and the European Union is coming to an end, and now the company is faced with the necessity to adapt to new geopolitical and economic realities. Export Declines: Numbers that Speak for Themselves From 2021 to 2025, pipeline gas exports to the EU are expected to drop nine-fold. This historic low is attributed to several key factors: Termination of transit through Ukraine: Political and geopolitical tensions have led to halting the traditional supply route. Decreased ...

... capabilities, and even with sanctions restrictions, supplies continue. Technical and economic barriers to replacing Russian LNG with American Infrastructure restrictions. Most European countries, despite significant infrastructure development, still depend on pipeline gas and have limitations on the reception and processing of LNG. Technically, expanding imports from the United States will require significant investment in ports and terminals. Pricing policy. American LNG is on average more expensive than ...

... of many was short-lived. In the second quarter of 2019, prices plummeted by 5%. Many were puzzled: was this a crash or a correction? To complicate matters, the situation was exacerbated by issues related to contaminated oil being transported through pipelines to Europe. In 2018, the global oil market experienced a rise in prices. Concurrently, the exchange rate of the ruble against the dollar stabilized. However, many were quick to celebrate too soon. In the second quarter of 2019, the price plummeted ...