... Cost Approach: This method is based on assessing the value of the company's assets, minus its liabilities. The Net Asset method determines the value of all company assets (e.g., real estate, equipment, intellectual property) and subtracts liabilities (debts and loans). The result is the assessed value of the business. The Liquidation Value method estimates the amount one would receive upon selling the company's assets in case of closure. This is the most conservative approach and is used in situations ...

... the first half of 2025, the ruble weakened on average compared to the beginning of 2024, which on one hand boosts ruble revenue from export contracts (denominated in foreign currency or tied to it), but on the other, leads to currency revaluation of debt obligations and other paper losses. Therefore, the external environment in H1 2025 was complex: the macroeconomic landscape was characterized by a decline in export volumes and moderately low prices; however, ruble depreciation and market restructuring ...

... silver, which opens up new opportunities for investors. Let's look at what silver bonds are, what their features and advantages are, and also consider what makes them attractive in the current economic situation. What are silver bonds? Silver bonds are debt securities whose face value is tied to the price of silver. An example of such bonds are SILV01 bonds from Seligdar. The face value of one bond is 10 grams of silver. This means that when calculating their value, the current official price of silver ...

... market holds in the coming months. Why Are Banks Reducing Credit Card Issuance? High Interest Rates The Central Bank of Russia maintains a high key interest rate to curb inflation. High rates directly impact the cost of borrowing, increasing consumers' debt servicing expenses. Consequently, banks become more cautious, as high rates can negatively affect clients' payment capacities and heighten the risks of loan defaults. Macroprudential Restrictions from the Central Bank Since the end of 2023, the Central ...

... the issuance goes into the company's capital and can be directed toward production expansion, launching new projects, research and development, or technological advancements. This allows for faster implementation of strategic plans without increasing debt burdens. Debt repayment and capital structure optimization. Instead of taking on new loans or increasing debt load, a company can sell part of its shares. The funds raised will be used to cover debt or refinance loans. This improves financial ratios ...